Veterinary medicine

Abstract
In the present study twenty four sub-clinical ketotic goats and six healthy goats were used to observe
biochemical, hematological alteration of sub-clinical ketosis. Goat suffered from sub-clinical ketosis had
higher concentration of β-hydroxy butyrate (ketone) in blood and lower level of serum glucose, total
serum protein, total cholesterol, sodium, potassium, haemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocyte count (TEC)
and total leucocyte count (TLC). Biochemical and Haematolical studies of the goat can help in the
diagnosis of sub-clinical disease.

Objective of the present study was to know the prevalence of sub-clinical ketosis m goats of Guwahati and nearby area of Assam. Blood samples from pregnant and lactating goats were collected to measure ketone and glucose level with the help ofketone meter and commercially available kit respectively for classifring animal as ketotic or non-ketotic. Goats having blood ketone (ß-hydroxybutyrate) 4 mmol L and glucose CSC) mg CIL were considered positive for sub-clinical ketosis. The overall prevalence was 14.290 0. Higher prevalence was recorded during pregnancy (15.48%) than lactation I C).91 0 0). During pregnancy higher prevalence was found during winter (22.97%) than monsoon (8.64%). During lactation higher prevalence was found during post-monsoon (12.50%) than pre-monsoon (9.68%). The highest prevalence was observed in goats of 3-4 year (36. I I %). The prevalence of sub-clinical ketosis was found to be highest in Beetal (58.33 0 0). Sub-clinical ketosis was recorded mostly in pregnant animals than lactating animals.

The objective of this study was to use human held ketone meter for the estimation of β-hydroxybutyrate (ketone body) for the diagnosis of sub-clinical ketosis in goat. A total of 210 samples from pregnant and lactating doe in Guwahati, Assam and nearby area were collected in aseptic condition from the Jugular Vein. Goats having blood ketone level more than 0.4 mmol/l and glucose level less than 30 mg/dl were considered positive for sub-clinical ketosis. Total 24 goats were diagnosed sub-clinical ketotic.

A goat was presented in a local farm near Guwahati, Assam with incordination, ataxia and staggering gait. Farmer reported goat consumed leaves of Ipomoea plant. Further based on the clinical symptoms and history the goat was suspected as a case of Ipomoea toxicity. The goat was stabilized with intravenous infusion of 5% dextrose, Vit-C and nerve tonic injection. The goat recovered 24-25 hour after the therapeutic management

The present study was carried out in Guwahati, Assam, July 2014-June 2015 to evolve a suitable therapeutic regime of sub-clinical ketosis in goat. 6 healthy goats were kept in Group I as healthy control and 24 diseased goats were equally divided in to four groups as Group II, Group III, Group IV and Group V as treatment group for use of different drugs 10% dextrose @ 10 ml/kg b.wt IV single dose, glycerine @ 60 ml twice daily orally for 5 days, 10% fructodex @ 10ml/kg b.wt. I/V as single dose and AV/KPC/10 @ 60 ml twice daily orally for 5 days respectively. All the treatment groups were administered supportive treatment of dexamethasone (4.4mg/ml) @ 1ml/per animal I/M for one day and Vit.B complex @ 3ml I/M once daily for three consecutive days. Blood ketone (β-hydroxybutyrate) > 0.4 mmol L-1 and glucose < 30 mg dl-1 in all treatment groups on pretreatment day were within normal range in comparison to healthy control group on 9 th day of post treatment. All the groups of drug were found to be equally effective for the treatment of sub-clinical ketosis of goats.

A total of 32 clinical cases of cows infested with Rhipicephalus spp. ticks were divided into four groups with eight animals in each group. Group A were given weekly tape water bath for 3 consecutive weeks whereas group B, group C and group D were applied externally keetguard liquid, deltamethrin 12.5% and amitraz 12.5% at their recommended dose at weekly intervals for 3 consecutive weeks. Amitraz or keetguard treated groups showed complete knock down of all ticks from cows after 2 nd weeks of application while deltamethrin treated groups revealed complete knock down of ticks after 3 rd weeks of application. Treatment with keetguard showed 66.02% and 100% efficacy while amitraz treatment showed 77.08% and 100% efficacy against ticks on the seventh day and fourteenth day, respectively compared to day 0 values. However, deltamethrin treated cows revealed 54.08%, 96.60% and 100% efficacy against ticks on day 7, day 14 and day 21, respectively compared to day 0 values. Amitraz and keetguard showed comparable in-vivo efficacy against tick infestation in cows.

Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides constitute a large family of endogenous peptide antibiotics with broad-spectrum activity against various microbes. RNA was extracted from bone marrow samples and reverse transcribed to cDNA. The PCR amplified product of 414 bp size cloned in Topo-TA cloning vector and confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion. Positive clones were sequenced and the nucleotide sequence of cathelicidin gene was BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) with other published sequences. The sequence was further analyzed using DNA Star software. At nucleotide level of Assam hill goat cathelicidin gene showed 187 conserved bases with other sequences. The mature peptides of cathelicidin comprises of 11 amino acids from 127-137 and has two glycine, two arginine and one each of lysine, alanine, serine, isoleusine, leucine, phenylalanine and proline residues. Presence of proline, lysine and arginine in the mature domain might provide more resistance to these breed to fight against diseases in comparison to other breeds. The predicted peptide of Assam hill goat cathelicidin gene is composed of 137 amino acids. Phylogenetic tree revealed a closer relationship of Yunnan goat (CATH2) with Assam hill goat cathelicidin which suggested, these might have diverged from the same ancestral gene.

A one and half year old local doe was presented with history of improper nutrition during gestation, dystocia, staggering gait and dilated pupil. Clinical examination revealed normal temperature, faster respiration, faster pulse rate, two front leg partially protruded with open cervix and animal was exhausted without any further straining. Laboratory examination of blood revealed higher ketone, reduced serum glucose and urine was positive for Rothera's test. Based on the history, clinical findings and laboratory findings it was diagnosed as ketosis. Dystocia was relieved by manual operation and the doe was stabilized with 10% dextrose, vit-B complex and dexamethasone. After 72 hours of treatment animal revealed normal respiration, pulse rate, blood ketone, serum glucose and urine was negative for Rothera's test.